Psychoanalysis, initially developed by Sigmund Freud, is a therapeutic approach that fosters holistic change through the exploration of how unconscious patterns from early experiences shape thoughts, emotions, and relationships. Modern psychoanalytic theories incorporate neuroscience, attachment theory, and relational models. Through techniques like free association and reflection, patients and analysts uncover unconscious dynamics. The therapeutic relationship and collaborative exploration are central to the process. Treatment typically involves 50-minute sessions, 3–5 times a week, over several years.

Psychodynamic psychotherapy shares the same roots in Freud’s theories as psychoanalysis. Like psychoanalysis, it focuses on how unconscious processes, early relationships, and past experiences shape current thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. However, psychodynamic psychotherapy is less intensive, and more conversational, with sessions held once a week. It emphasizes present-day concerns while still exploring unconscious patterns and past experiences. Psychodynamic psychotherapy is best suited for those who are interested in change but not ready for the commitment required for psychoanalysis.

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing is a structured psychotherapy developed to help people process and heal from traumatic experiences. It involves recalling distressing memories while simultaneously engaging in bilateral stimulation, such as guided eye movements or tapping. This process allows the brain to reprocess traumatic memories, reducing their emotional intensity and allowing for adaptive resolution. EMDR was developed to treat PTSD but is now also used for anxiety, phobias, and other emotional difficulties. It is evidence-based, time-limited, and does not require detailed discussion of the trauma.